Integrity Issues in the Criminal Justice for Probation Officers Essay

When becoming a Probation Officer there are requirements of guide lines that must be followed in order to remain with great integrity and honesty. These requirements are as followed; 1)Purpose (conducting professional and ethical standards and perform their duties with diligence and honesty. 2)Policy ( partnership developed with the community, respect and confidence in our ability to protect the public, and supervise offenders at a level of security commensurate with the danger they represent. 3)Scope (conducting one self on or off duty) which this policy is organized into eight principles. The three issues that I feel could compromise one’s credibility are; 1) not following the law of conduct on or off duty, 2) over achieving their power that they are authorized to use and 3) not being courteous and respecting the offenders. In order to keep these issues from becoming a pitfall into a probation officers profession is when he or she is off duty they need to keep their personal life personal because they are entitled to a personal life. It is how they conduct themselves when in the public. Example: Sally June is invited to a house party at Cheryl’s house once Sally arrive there she know what her profession is and the people that are going to be there is the public. She must conduct herself in a professional manner and be able to make professional decisions knowing that there will be alcohol beverages at this party. Therefore she should not be refrained from having a drive but should know how much to drink and how to carry herself after the drink in order to keep her integrity with the public. People know that you have a professional job and see you in the public drunk or intoxicated they loose all respect for you. Another issue that could be changed is the attitude that some probation officers show toward the offenders that they are responsible for. They should give them the same respect that they are seeking from that offender because no one like to be talked to any kind of way that creates the offender to acquire an attitude issue with the probation officer. Some probation officers take advantage of their power that they loose all respect from the offender, their co-workers, and the offender’s families. There should be continuous education or training on how to conduct yourself when working with any other people. REFERENCES http://www.fdle.state.fl.us/Content/CJST/Menu/Officer-requirements-Main-Page/CPO-Et†¦

Bad law Essay

Bad law BY erik2408 Bad Law/Lawyers Introduction: Law is a term which does not have a universally accepted definition, but one definition is that law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior. What is bad law you may ask? Bad law ties in with quite a few things, as a matter of fact it’s a very big subject but I would like to break it down to Just a few certain topics. The topics that I would like to discuss are what is and makes a bad lawyer in general, the morality of some lawyers. You could be a great lawyer but if you have horrible morals by my definition I would have to abel you as a bad lawyer. But my most important topic is on lawyers and ambulance chasing which is frowned upon. There are two great movies that explain both of these topics. One of the movies is â€Å"My cousin Vinny’ which shows you an example of an overall bad lawyer. The other movie is a bit more popular â€Å"The Verdict† which portrays a morally bad lawyer that is an ambulance chaser. Discussion: Let’s get started! The first thing I’d like to discuss is a bad lawyer Just in general. I don’t know if a lot of people seen the movie â€Å"My Cousin Vinny’ but that movie is a great example of a bad lawyer. For the people that are unfamiliar with it let me tell you a little bit about it. The movie starts off by two boys driving across the country and get arrested and trailed for murder, for the killing of the clerk at a gas station they had Just been into. The two boys were innocent and but there were witnesses saying they saw them. They were broke and in big trouble. So one of the boys called his uncle Vinny who was a lawyer. This was Vinnie’s first case ever as a lawyer and was completely clueless. Vinny did not know the rules and regulations on how to behave in a courtroom to say the least. Somehow he convinced the kids to let him represent them. Vinny was learning as we went along, and with the help of his girlfriend he actually won the case. But if I was being trailed for murder I for sure know I would not want him representing me. If you are in need of a lawyer here’s some tips you may need to know to avoid the bad ones. For one don’t go for a general practitioner when you need a specialist. Two, do some legwork to find a good attorney. Three, don’t sign up unless you’re completely comfortable with the fee arrangement and relationship. Four, understand what an attorney is doing for you. Last but not least be wary of the â€Å"slam dunk† claim. Any lawyer who says you got a slam dunk case is not a very good lawyer (Collins). Hopefully that information gives you a better understanding ofa bad lawyer. Now to talk about my main issue, which are lawyers with bad morals. What do I consider a morally bad lawyer? An attorney that is an ambulance chaser would be considered a morally bad lawyer in my eyes. An ambulance chasing is a form of barratry, refers to a lawyer using an event as a lawyers that follow ambulances to the emergency room to find clients. Ambulance chasing is prohibited in the US. Such conduct violates Rule 7. 3 of the American Bar Association Model Rules of Professional Conduct. Some bar associations strongly enforce rules against barratry. For example, the State Bar of California dispatches investigators to large-scale disaster scenes to discourage ambulance chasers, and to catch any who attempt to solicit business from disaster victims at the scene. Ambulance chasing is also illegal in Australia, in accordance with clauses 20 and 22 of the Legal Profession Regulation of 1987 (Wikipedia). Lawyers aren’t supposed to solicit their clients directly, at least in theory (Toothman). But of course that would be in a perfect world, but as right now the reality is that there are always some lawyers cutting deals with ambulance drivers, nurses, and funeral homes so on and so forth just to get tips on finding victims that might have a legal case (Toothman). When there’s a big event, like an explosion or a train wreck or even a bus crash, how do the random victims find their way to the hungry lawyers? In the good old days, plaintiff lawyers chartered planes to fly to Bhopal, India, for example (Toothman). In Toothman’s article he writes about Lawyers fake press release to sign up clients. What these lawyers did was send out a bizarre press release, announcing that, without even having a single client so far, they are â€Å"investigating† or â€Å"looking into† the disaster du Jour, which they have ripped from the headlines (Toothman). Du Jour is a magazine by the way. That wasn’t intended to get a local paper to run a story about that, the goal was to reach out to any victims or their families who might be looking around for hope, or a lawyer, will stumble upon these press releases using Google or yahoo and rush to sign up with the hungry lawyer (Toothman). In other recent rticles about ambulance chasing an attorney in Texas was arrested for doing this. The event took place in May of 2012 only a year and half ago. Ronald Reynolds was a state representative and former municipal Judge. He was arrested for barratry which is a fancier term for ambulance chasing. Texas, it’s not Just prohibited by legal ethics rules it’s also flat out illegal (Rabiner). This was such a widespread problem at the Harris County Courthouse near Houston, officials recently erected signs warning attorneys that barratry is a crime (Rabiner). The legislator was caught soliciting otential clients soon after they had been in car accidents. It was also reported that he founds some clients with the help of a local chiropractor. This is something you would not expect from a state representative. It’s very sketchy and illegal in the state of Texas which I did not know until reading this article. In Texas, attorneys arent permitted to send unsolicited offers of representation until 31 days after the underlying incident. Or when they know the individual already has legal representation (Rabiner). In addition to breaking these rules, the District Attorney has also accused Rep. Reynolds of tricking an undercover investigator he never met into signing an attorney-client agreement that gave him part of any settlement. â€Å"Any settlement† included insurance monies (Rabiner). What I found to be humorous in the article was the Rep. Ronald Reynolds even voted for the barratry law back in 2011. You would think someone who votes for a certain law would not be dumb enough to break that very law. Especially someone with a stature of being a state representative. I was appalled and in shock after reading this how can somebody be I was unaware that ambulance chasing was so common, I ran into another article here a lawyer was accused of offering kickbacks to two local insurance agents for referring accident cases to him, challenging the legality of the state statute that makes such practices a crime (Smith). Scott Jeffrey Jontiff, 33, of Miami, was charged with two counts of unlawful solicitation by an attorney after insurance agents he contacted turned him in to the Florida Division of Insurance Fraud in West Palm Beach (Smith). It was stated in the police report that there was a recorded and videotaped conversation where Jontiff offered to give the insurance agents $100 for ach personal injury case referred to him or $1 50 if the agents waited until the insurance companies paid up (Smith). The charges that Scott Jeffery faced were 3rd degree felony which is punishable by 5 years in prison and 5000 dollar fine. What I don’t understand is why put yourself in such danger by committing such a crime to me it seems stupid. You’re eventually going to get caught sooner or later. To get a better understanding on ambulance chasing and actually have a visual aid I strongly recommend watching the movie â€Å"The Verdict†. â€Å"The Verdict† came out in 1982 it’s an ld movie but very popular back in the day and still is, and yes it’s in color. The movie portrays a lawyer who is down-on-his luck, reduced to drinking and ambulance chasing. The down on his luck lawyer is Frank Galvin. Former associate Mickey Morrissey reminds him of his obligations in a medical malpractice suit that he himself served to Galvin on a silver platter (The Verdict). All parties were willing to settle out of court, until Frank suddenly realized that perhaps after all the case should go to court, to punish the guilty and get a decent settlement for his clients, nd to restore his standing as a lawyer (The Verdict). Conclusion: Bad lawyers are not Just in movies are not Just in movies. As you can see by the few example articles that I talked about ambulance chasing is a real thing and happens more often than you think. It practically happens on a daily basis there are always lawyers or somebody out there trying to take advantage of you. As I read in a few articles ambulance chasing attorneys are viewed as bottom chasers, theyre not very well liked. â€Å"The Verdict† does a really good Job portraying an ambulance chasing attorney. Those types of lawyers are always trying to get a lawsuit on something to get an easy buck. When you go as far as go to funerals and such right after a family has had a death in the family to try to catch a case in my eyes that’s having low morals and its frowned upon. As far as having a bad lawyer in general you Just have to be careful on that and take all the necessary precautions to avoid them. The tips I stated above are a few helpful hints to spot a bad attorney. As society grows and changes I hope lawyers won’t be as hungry and try to have a little sympathy for others and reevaluate their morals.

Favorite television show ( Beverly Hills 90210) Essay

Favorite television show ( Beverly Hills 90210) - Essay Example However, they were balanced with fun, friendship, family affection, and group bonding. The main characters were the Walsh twins Brenda and Brandon, Kelly, Dylan, Steve, David, and Andrea. It all started when Brenda and Brandon’s family transferred from Minneapolis to California. From there, it was an exciting roller coaster ride in the lives of these rich teenagers. What I liked best was the love triangle between Brenda, Kelly, and Dylan. Brenda was played by Shannen Doherty while Kelly was played by Jennie Garth. Both girls had different but charming personalities. Dylan was played by Luke Perry who seemed to be a typical guy who can get into a flirtatious fling with a blonde like Kelly while he was still in a relationship with Brenda. This seemed to have highlighted how teenagers tend to get too serious with boy-girl relationships at times and end up getting deeply hurt. From here, I learned that physical attraction is less important compared with establishing a relationship with the opposite that is based on friendship and mature love. On the other hand, Beverly Hills 90210 also presented the experimentation that is typical of individuals in this developmental stage. The characters tried smoking, drinking, heavy petting, drugs and other wild adventures. In one episode that showed their prom night the girls Kelly, Donna, and Brenda sipped too much punch. Donna, the values-oriented adolescent in the group, got really drunk after the event. In the meantime, when Brenda returned from her trip to Paris she started to indulge in smoking. Dylan, the typical cool guy, battled with his drinking sprees. After 10 seasons, Beverly Hills 90210 ended but the memories will always be a significant part of the teenage years of those who watched the show. Meanwhile, the commercials on television that were shown during the air time of Beverly Hills 90210 focused on

Business Continuity Planning in a Large Retail Supply Chain Research Paper

Business Continuity Planning in a Large Retail Supply Chain - Research Paper Example Because of my current position problems with the supply chain can directly affect my work load and I want to know more about a retail supply chain and how the supply chain connections can be protected. This paper will be geared towards professionals in both business continuity and retail management. I would like the people in these professions to be able to learn from my paper the need for a better BCP for protecting a company’s supply chain. Opening Statement: Business continuity planning in large retail supply chains is not thorough enough. Large retailers that depend on outsourced supply chains are not managing their supplier risks. The Marsh Supply Chain Survey results show that no one is managing their supply chain risks very well. In fact only about 33% of them are even managing their risks moderately effectively (Hiles, 2011). According to Hiles (2011), supply chain is an all inclusive term that constitutes the management of both downstream and upstream relations with c lients and suppliers. This is desirable because it allows for timely delivery of superior client value at a lesser cost. Certainly, this is sustainable because both parties benefit optimally and are able to sustain their wellbeing through time. In order to protect this process, businesses have to look at the end-to-end supply chain process and build a Business Continuity Plan (BCP) that covers all parts of it. ... leaner business, businesses can â€Å"enhance their operational effectiveness, which essentially improves firm performance and competitiveness† (Liu, Lin, Hayes, 2010, p222). However if a business fails to manage the risks associated with running leaner than they will lose all of these benefits. By not managing their supply chain risks, large retail companies are leaving themselves vulnerable to possible business failure. Hypothesis: This research is informed and guided by distinct assumptions. To begin with, the study presumes that both upstream suppliers and downstream, consumers directly affect the continuity of the retail supply chain. Large retailers should therefore clearly analyze their contribution to business failure or success and make necessary and timely interventions. The study is also based on the assumption that current large retailers are faced with complex risks that stem from the relationships that they establish and maintain at various levels. Further, it pr esumes that inability to manage the risks effectively not only reduces efficiency but also increases the susceptibility of retailers to failure. Finally, this study presumes that relevant interventions can only be identified addressed in a timely manner through continued monitoring. From this point of view, business continuity plans are therefore vitally important. Discussion of Findings: As indicated earlier, retail supply chains are increasingly becoming more and more complex. These can be attributed to the increasing complexity of the relative relationships. Globalization trends have compelled businesses to explore various options in a bid to maintain a competitive edge. In his study, Hotchkiss (2010) found out that the complexity of the business environment has diversified the risks that

Report on the airline and aircraft and manufacturing industries Essay

Report on the airline and aircraft and manufacturing industries - Essay Example The barriers to entry are high and so very few prospective players are looking forward to enter. The industry is impacted by macro-environmental factors which help to shape demand for its commercial aircrafts. The factors that drive demand in this industry include economic growth as measured by gross domestic product (GDP) and growth in regional and international trade. These factors have historically impacted on growth in regional and international travel. With the abatement of the global recession in most regions, it is expected that the demand for commercial aircrafts will increase resulting in between 26,000 and 31,000 new commercial aircrafts of varying types being demanded. The demand for new aircraft will also be stimulated by the need to replace retiring aircrafts with new and more energy efficient aircrafts that burn less fuel and have more capacity to enable increases in revenue per passenger kilometre (RPK). Boeing and Airbus are the major players in the aircraft manufactu ring industry and both of them have produced market forecast for the 20 year period 2010 to 2029. They both have differences in their estimates of the number of aircrafts that will be required to fill demand for passenger seats during the period. They also have differing expectations on whether the point-to-point or hub and spoke is the best strategy to follow as both seek to ensure that whichever philosophy airlines choose, they are not disadvantaged. A SWOT analysis reveals that the companies have significant strengths and will be able to take hold of the opportunities and minimise weaknesses and threats in both the micro and macro-environments. A TOWS analysis model was used to determine what strengths could be used to take hold of opportunities and minimise threats and weaknesses and turn them into opportunities where possible. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Part A 2.0 Definition of the industry and its structure 2.1 An analysis of the micro-environment 2.1.1 Threat of sub stitute products 2.1.2 Barriers to entry 2.1.3 Power of suppliers 2.1.4 Power of customers/buyers 2.1.5 Competitive rivalry 2.2 An analysis of the macro-environment 2.2.1 Political factors 2.2.2 Economic factors 2.2.3 Social factors 2.2.4 Technological factors 2.2.5 Legal factors 2.2.6 Ecological factors 3 Part B 3.0 Developing a strategy 3.1 Market Forecasts 3.1.1 Boeing’s Market Forecasts 3.1.2 Airbus’s Market Forecasts 3.1.3 Comparison of Forecasts 3.2 Situational Analysis of Boeing and Airbus 3.3 Situational Analysis using the SWOT model 3.3.1 Strengths 3.3.2 Weaknesses 3.3.3 Opportunities 3.3.4 Threats 3.4 Situational Analysis using the TOWS model 4.0 Conclusion 1.0 Introduction This report is divided into two parts. Part 1 identifies and analyses the structure of the commercial aircraft manufacturing industry with emphasis on its two major players Airbus of Europe and Boeing of the United States. It then analyses the competition in the industry and the demand con ditions facing industry players. An analysis of the macro-environment using the PESLE model and highlighting the main factors that will impact the industry has also been presented. Part 2 summarises market forecasts prepared by Airbus and Boeing and highlights the differences. In order to determine the ability of both companies to deal

Sir Richard Branson, Chairman, Virgin Group, Ltd. Case Study

Sir Richard Branson, Chairman, Virgin Group, Ltd. - Case Study Example It is the leadership policies that facilities to identify the capabilities of each and every leader’s leadership style. The leadership styles are mainly adopted in order to meet the goals and the objectives of the organization. The basic leadership styles that a leader might follow are autocratic, bureaucratic, laissez-faire and democratic (Sage Publication, 2012). It has been evident from the case study that Sir Richard Branson is one of the most effective and prominent leaders. Out of the various leadership styles that have been demonstrated above in terms of authentic leadership style, expert power as well as referent power, Sir Richard Branson seems to be practicing laissez-faire leadership style. He believes in doing things in an innovative way so that the customers can be fascinated with the brand. He believes in working with people whom he knows and can trust. Sir Richard Branson values his employees and thus involves them in the process of decision making. He believes in autonomy of choice for the employees thereby leaving them alone so that the employees are capable of doing what they want to do. It has been quite apparent from the case study that Sir Richard Branson possesses innate leadership qualities. He has been found to make use of natural capabilities as well as skills. He believes in the fact that the employees need to be valued and their opinions need to be sought in order to make the company grow bigger. It is a well known fact that the authentic leaders learn from their mistakes and their failures that occurred in the past. Whenever Sir Richard Branson experiences any sort of setbacks, he always picks himself up and tries again. He prepares himself to have another attempt at certain unfulfilled aspects with the knowledge or learning that he has gathered from the failures in the past. Authentic leaders tend to gain encouragement from their own lives (University of Technology Sydney, 2012). He has been quite motivated by his mother who revealed the fact that one must not look back in regret but must move to the next thing. It can be mentioned that an authentic leader is someone who is not afraid of confessing his/her faults. He/she therefore makes an attempt in order to overcome his/her drawbacks. From the case study, it has been recognized that Sir Richard Branson also practices expert as well as referent powers. Sir Richard Branson seems to possess the necessary skills as well as knowledge which can be utilized by someone else (Martin, 1978). He has the capability to impact others’ behavior because of the recognized competencies, specialized knowledge as well as talents. It has been apparent that Sir Richard Branson possesses the power of holding the capability to manage other persons’ feelings related to personal recognition (Nwlink, 2012). According to Sir Richard Branson, the correct pecking order in an organization is employees first, customers next and shareholders at the end. This perception demonstrates how much importance his company places on the employees. It can be mentioned that Sir Richard Branson’s leadership style has been quite effective for Virgin Group Limited. He has been capable of taking the company to great heights and to be recognized as among the most famous brands in the world. Most of

Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Social Responsibility - Essay Example A company builds its brand and reputation through practice of social responsibility. A responsible company knows that a good company name is a quick way to build trust and reputation for its brands. These traits nurtures a company for growth, opening up new opportunities for the company to choose from. This art will eventually become a good culture in the company, making the staff remain genuine and trusted by the community. In addition, customers would want to relate with companies that care for them and the environment (Sims 59). Workers would seek occupation in businesses that care for the environment. That is, social responsibility would increase workers performances. In companies where the management does not recognize social responsibility, the workers seem to have a low job esteem. Workers feel better when they know that their efforts would make the world a better place for all. It makes all the daily struggles worth it. The company would not have to spend too much in motivational programs as the workers would have something to work for. In addition, it would be a positive way for attracting and retaining a good staff, thereby, reducing company cost for recruitment exercises each year (Taylor). Respect for social responsibility would boost a companys economic growth and maintain professionalism. A socially responsible company appears mature and trains the staff to be better managers, who not only care for their own growth, but the environment too. Unlike on the companies that are socially irresponsible, employees would form a relationship that could improve the services and living conditions for others. A responsible work force does not only benefit the company, but also the community. The workers learn to be better citizens and parents at home. It becomes greater than building a company, since the effect extends

Differences between formative and summative assessment (Just part form Assignment

Differences between formative and summative assessment (Just part form my so I dont Introducation or conclusion) - Assignment Example Summative assessments are generally obtained by giving tests but test data â€Å"cannot reflect the full range of goals of learning†. Jessup reported that the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has discovered in 2005 that summative assessments improve attendance to instructions and promote retention of learning (2007, p. 7). Citing the study of Stiggins (2004, p. 2), Jessup also reported that summative assessments benefit low-performing students and the feature can help reduce the learning gaps among minorities and peoples. Formative assessments are used to â€Å"inform instructions by providing the students with vital insights and understanding of their own learning needs and styles† (Jessup 2005, p. 6). There are several objectives associated with formative assessments. One objective pertains to the need to assess the gains from using or availing a mode of instructions or education program (Jessup 2005, p. 6). Another possible objective for f ormative assessment is associated with the need to improve the â€Å"equity of student outcomes† (Jessup 2005, p. 7). Jessup observed that not only are the schools that have employed formative assessments experienced academic gains; students who were previously underachieving or lagging behind also experienced academic (2005, p. 7). II. ... The Wilmut material focused on summative assessment but covered formative assessment as well. Further, the Wilmust assessment covered the primary as well as the high school levels in the United Kingdom. Quoting Stobart (2003), Wilmut (2005, p. 47) said that the United Kingdom Assessment Reform Group adopted a definition of formative assessment as, â€Å"the process of seeking and interpreting evidence for use by learners and their teachers to decide where the learners are in their learning, where they need to go and how best to get there.† Wilmut (2005, p. 47) pointed out that in the experience of the United Kingdom, there is a strain between formative and summative assessment because when a school-based teacher assessment is to be used for summative purposes, the student-teacher relationship is strained. Citing the work of Black and William, Wilmut (2005, p. 48) said that another UK experience is that the â€Å"tension† between summative and formative assessment arises when teachers become responsible for both summative and formative assessment. Wilmut said that there has been a debate in the United Kingdom on the wisdom of combining the two roles or covering the responsibilities for formative and summative assessment by teachers. According to Wilmut (2005, p. 48), those who assert that the roles pertaining to summative and formative assessments can both be done by the same person or teacher argue that â€Å"it can be done and indeed must be done to escape the dominance of external summative testing†. Nevertheless, the dominant view is that it is best to keep the roles of summative and formative evaluations apart although a good working relationship between

Scientists clone sheep Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Scientists clone sheep - Essay Example y that, but Dolly’s birth created a huge reaction all over the world as it led people to think of the possibility of human cloning (Rantala and Milgram 1). But still, Dolly’s birth remains a landmark achievement for both, the scientists who were responsible for it and for the world of science. Cloning can be defined as a â€Å"laboratory procedure in which the nucleus from the somatic(body) cell is transferred or transplanted into an egg cell from which the original nucleus has been removed† ( Saunders 131). In the process of cloning, the organisms that are genetically identical to each other and to ‘parent’ are obtained using asexual reproduction (Dale and Schantz 25). Even though clones are genetically identical, they are not identical in actual appearance and behavior as it the external factors like environment that influences their behavior (Dale and Schantz 25). In case of Dolly, as her cytoplasm came from a Scottish Blackface ewe, she was not an identical twin to her cell donor mother (Campbell 58). Scottish embryologist Ian Wilmut headed the team at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh which produced Dolly (Kunich 7). Dolly, the cloned sheep was born on July 5, 1996 (Kunich 7). Previously, the mammals had been cloned using early embryonic cell, but Dolly was the first to be cloned from fully differentiated adult somatic cells (Kunich 7). The birth of Dolly proved wrong the 100 year old dogma that â€Å"once cells are committed to adulthood, they cannot again be totipotent† (Wilmut, Campbell and Tudge 209). 3. The embryonic development is started by jump-starting the activation of the cell division cycle of egg with the new nucleus (Baldi 51). â€Å" The developing embryo can then be implanted into foster mother

How Far Do You Agree That the 1867 Reform Act Was Sucessfulte Essay Example for Free

How Far Do You Agree That the 1867 Reform Act Was Sucessfulte Essay Additionally, the 1867 Reform Act also had a significant impact on the issues that were being addressed by politics. Whereas before, the aristocracy had basically decided what happened in the country, the act meant that issues were being brought to light that had never been discussed properly in public before. This was very important as it not only changed public but it also changed society too. Issues such as the legislation surrounding drinking, education and taxation were now being impacted on by the public actually expressing their feelings about them and this determined that the act had changed entirely how people viewed politics by shifting their focus from the individuals within politics to the actually political interests that they represented. For the first time, the act seemed to allow working-class people to feel indignant at how they were labelled uneducated within society and how they were blamed for society. It could be said that the Reform Acts most important outcome was encouraging people to now speak up for what they believe in and to create a true democracy by exposing the flaws of the current political system that had kept hidden a system of suppression underneath a pretence of democracy. On the other hand, this outcome can be seen once again to only be attributing more to the argument that the most important outcome of the 1867 Reform Act was that that it had on the political parties. Whilst it did change the people, it also meant that individuals like Gladstone and Disraeli had to develop stronger personalities, more influential public speaking and just generally a more recognisable persona to get attention off the people and this changed politics, starting to transform it to what we recognise today with politicians attending school fairs and opening museums to get positive publicity. Whilst all of these outcomes were extremely important at the time, perhaps the most long-term and recognisable of all of the outcomes was the effect that the 1867 Reform Act did have on the political system and in particular, on the Liberals and Conservatives parties. Source 7 supports this view by introducing us to the idea of the political machine. The source shows how the Reform Act of 1867 meant that the political parties had to actually properly compete and make, sometimes unrealistic promises, to appeal to voters. It shows how this means that electioneering, the way the parties portrayed themselves and presentation of issues became much more important as politics became national and rotated around moral issues. Indeed this view does have a lot of weight in an argument. The political parties now were having to tread a careful line and keep a balance between the conflict of alienating the people with revolutionary political ideas and immediate actions to secure themselves as the strongest political parties. This meant that the Liberals and the Conservatives had to become united and professional. This impact was important as it meant that the political loyalty was created that we can recognise in politics today. Previously, parties had split up and conflicted over issues but following the act, politicians were forced to admit that they had to remain loyal to their own political party in order to get any success within the political circumstances. This outcome is so significant as it created the strong link that still exists today between political parties and the voters. The two different parties had to go to what they saw as extreme lengths to secure voters loyalty and to encourage them to vote. This included the setting up of party clubs and trips to places such as the seaside as rewards for people who promised to vote for a certain political party. In a way, it shows how this outcome was significant in advancing political organisation and professionalism yet in other ways it just maintained the old influential schemes that politicians used but at last, they had to actually be clever to use these rather than to blatantly bribe and influence people. They could still influence people, just as they had done with the open ballots, but this time they had to do it with rewards and false promises. To a certain extent, this can still be seen to be happening in our political system today. In conclusion, there were many outcomes of the 1867 Reform Act and all of these were significant in their own way. The impact of these can be seen clearly by the fact that they have triggered features of our own political system today, such as strong political personalities for politicians and image-conscious newspapers and magazines. However, these all contributed to allowing the Liberals and the Conservatives parties to change and whilst individually they were significant impacts, the effect that they had on electorate always corresponded with an effect on the political parties. In this way, the most significant outcome of the 1867 Reform Act was the impact that it had on the Liberals and the Conservatives parties yet this would not have been significant or even have occurred independently of the impact that the act on the electorate themselves. This means that whilst we can identify an outcome of the act as the most important, it simply would not have had the effect that it did have without the other outcomes of the act, meaning that collectively they are important and making it extremely difficult to label the importance of the outcomes.

Theories on Discourse and Changes in Ideology

Theories on Discourse and Changes in Ideology Language, that makes us the Crown of Creatures, empowers us with an expressive medium which we exploit to communicate, understand, interpret, negate, acknowledge, appreciate, influence, persuade, dominate, control, etc. Metaphorically speaking, language helps us to caress and comfort our feelings, excite and thrill our spirit, rattle our nerves, kill our desire, and so on. Language is a variegated phenomenon. It can emotionally move and affect us as powerfully as physical actions. This is the power of language. 1.1 What is Discourse? The term discourse has been derived from French word discours meaning talk. In linguistics, discourse is a sequence of utterances. Grammarians define discourse as large pieces of speech and writing: stretches of language longer than a sentence. Language is used to mean something and to do something, and this meaning and doing is determined by the context of its usage. As discourse is dialogic in nature, the things which make it different from ordinary language use are context, creation, reception and interpretation. It should not be confused with either of the Chomskys or Saussures categories. It is neither performance or parole which is concerned with language in its actual utterances, nor competence or languewhere language is a code system and a system of communicative conventions. Although it contains both the elements, it goes beyond the distinction of performance or parole and competence or langue; it is the study of language use. If language is speech act and social behavior, discourse is a form of social practice. Foucault defines discourse as ways of constituting knowledge, together with the social practices, forms of subjectivity and power relations which inhere in such knowledges and relations between them. Discourses are more than ways of thinking and producing meaning. They constitute the nature of the body, unconscious and conscious mind and emotional life of the subjects they seek to govern. (Weedon, 1987) a form of power that circulates in the social field and can attach to strategies of domination as well as those of resistance. (Diamond Quinby, 1988) In other words, discourse is a string of utterances concerned with the production of meaning. Discourse is a socially organized way of speaking. According to Foucault, discourse constructs the topic. It governs what can and cannot be said about the topic. Apart from governing the topic, it is also used to influence people to change ideas into practice (be it personal or others ideas), and to regulate the conduct of others. As discourse is concerned with the production of meaning, the utterances have a relation to common sense assumptions. Cultural hegemony is maintained through common sense assumptions which become universal ideologies through language or in other words discourse. Language exerts hidden power, like a moon on the tides. (Rita Mae Brown, Starting from Scratch, 1998) 1.2 What is Ideology? Ideologies are those ideas, values, attitudes, and (general or cultural) ways of thinking that shape our belief systems and mind sets about what is /isnt correct, and how it must be. Ideologies, be they religious or political or social, maintain power structures and social hierarchies and remain dominant and prevalent in the society through rhetorical discourse or hidden power in discourse. The main purpose of ideology is not only to change the existing structures, but also to maintain already existing set of ideals. Ideas, beliefs, and attitudes which maintain status quo become dominant or prevalent ideologies of the society. These ideologies are so powerful that they ignore and sideline those ideas which are against its very existence through a normative thought process and politics of the language. Ideologies when become shared experiences start making sense. People start making sense of their lives while observing them. In other words, they are no more false beliefs and ideas, rather a true and lived experience. THEORIES ON DISCOURSE IDEOLOGY The social theory has contributed in many ways to explore the role of language in exercising, maintaining and changing power. Firstly, the work in the theory of ideology talks about ideology as a mechanism of power without using coercive means and language as a locus of ideology which is significant in exercising power. Secondly, Michel Foucaults work ascribes central role to discourse in the development of power structures of forms. Thirdly, Jurgen Habermas theory of communicative action which challenges Marxist focus on economics or alienated labor- is considered as the sole determining factor of oppression. He argues that key to liberation is rather to be found in language and communication between people. 2.1 Marx and Ideology Karl Max, a social thinker of 19th century, talked of ideology in terms of an instrument of social production. He gave economic base and superstructure model of society, where base denotes the relation of production and superstructure denotes the dominant ideology. Base shapes the superstructure of any society, while the superstructure maintains and legitimates the base. According to Marx, bourgeoisie create and reinforce particular ways of thinking, in other words, particular ideology which in turn reinforce the structure of the society, thus maintaining status quo and existing hierarchies of status and power. Fig. 1: Marxs Base Superstructure Model of Society According to Karl Marx, social ideologies not only cause status quo or hegemony in the society, but also a conditioning where false consciousness created by the ruling class is justified. This conditioning makes us think that the way our society operates is for the best, and lower class justifies its own lower position in society. Michel Foucault in The Order of Discourse In The Order of Discourse, Foucault argues that the discourse is controlled by certain functions, actions and rules. In particular, certain topics are prohibited and who speaks is limited. Reason is valued and madness is ignored. It is also controlled by what we choose to comment on and by the will to truth. [T]he highest truth no longer resided in what discourse was or did, but in what is said: a day came when truth was displaced by from the ritualized, efficacious, and just act of enunciation, towards the utterance itself, its meaning, its form, its object, its relation to its reference. (1462) In every society, the production of discourse is at once controlled, selected, organized and redistributed by a certain number of procedures whose role is to ward off its powers and dangers, to gain mastery over its chance events, to evade its ponderous, formidable materiality (p.210). Foucault also talks about procedures of exclusion and procedures of inclusion. He states that prohibition of including or discussing certain topics very soon reveal [discourses] link with desire and with power (p.211). At another place he says that discourse is not simply that which translates struggles or systems of domination, but is the thing for which and by which there is struggle; discourse is the power which is to be seized (p.211). In Weedons (1987) in interpretation of Foucault is: A dynamic of control between discourses and the subjects, constituted by discourses, who are their agents. Power is exercised within discourses in the ways in which they constitute and govern individual subjects. Foucaults focus is upon questions of how some discourses have shaped and created meaning systems that have gained the status and currency of truth, and dominate how we define and organize both ourselves and our social world, whilst other alternative discourses are marginalised and subjugated, yet potentially offer sites where hegemonic practices can be contested, challenged and resisted. Foucault developed the concept of the discursive field as part of his attempt to understand the relationship between language, social institutions, subjectivity and power. Discursive fields, such as the law or the family, contain a number of competing and contradictory discourses with varying degrees of power to give meaning to and organize social institutions and processes. They also offer a range of modes of subjectivity (Weedon, 1987). It follows then that, if relations of power are dispersed and fragmented throughout the social field, so must resistance to power be (Diamond Quinby, 1988). Foucault argues though, in The Order of Discourse, that the will to truth is the major system of exclusion that forges discourse and which tends to exert a sort of pressure and something like a power of constraint on other discourses, and goes on further to ask the question what is at stake in the will to truth, in the will to utter this true discourse, if not desire and power? (1970, cited in Shapiro 1984, p. 113-4). Thus, there are both discourses that constrain the production of knowledge, dissent and difference and some that enable new knowledges and difference(s). The questions that arise within this framework, are to do with how some discourses maintain their authority, how some voices get heard whilst others are silenced, who benefits and how that is, questions addressing issues of power/ empowerment/ disempowerment. 2.3 Louis Althussers view of Ideology Louis Althusser builds on the work of Jacques Lacan to understand the way ideology functions in society. He thus moves away from the earlier Marxist understanding of ideology. In the earlier model, ideology was believed to create what was termed false consciousness, a false understanding of the way the world functioned (for example, the suppression of the fact that the products we purchase on the open market are, in fact, the result of the exploitation of laborers). Althusser revised Marxs view of ideology, which he described as: thought as an imaginary construction whose status is exactly like the theoretical status of the dream among writers before Freud. He saw human individuals being constituted as subjects through ideology. Consciousness and agency are experienced, but are the products of ideology speaking through the subject. Above all, ideology is an imaginary construction that represents the real world. However, it is so real to us that we never question it. Althusser posits a series of hypotheses that he explores to clarify his understanding of ideology: Ideology represents the imaginary relationship of individuals to their real conditions of existence (Lenin 109). The traditional way of thinking of ideology led Marxists to show how ideologies are false by pointing to the real world hidden by ideology (for example, the real economic base for ideology). According to Althusser, by contrast, ideology does not reflect the real world but represents the imaginary relationship of individuals to the real world; the thing ideology (mis)represents is itself already at one remove from the real. In this, Althusser follows the Lacanian understanding of the imaginary order, which is itself at one step removed from the Lacanian Real. In other words, we are always within ideology because of our reliance on language to establish our reality; different ideologies are but different representations of our social and imaginary reality not a representation of the Real itself. Ideology has a material existence (Lenin 112). Althusser contends that ideology has a material existence because an ideology always exists in an apparatus, and its practice, or practices (Lenin 112). Ideology always manifests itself through actions, which are inserted into practices (Lenin 114), for example, rituals, conventional behavior, and so on. It is our performance of our relation to others and to social institutions that continually instantiates us as subjects. Judith Butlers understanding of performativity could be said to be strongly influenced by this way of thinking about ideology. all ideology hails or interpellates concrete individuals as concrete subjects (Lenin 115). According to Althusser, the main purpose of ideology is in constituting concrete individuals as subjects (Lenin 116). So pervasive is ideology in its constitution of subjects that it forms our very reality and thus appears to us as true or obvious. Althusser gives the example of the hello on a street: the rituals of ideological recognition [] guarantee for us that we are indeed concrete, individual, distinguishable and (naturally) irreplaceable subjects (Lenin 117). Through interpellation, individuals are turned into subjects (which are always ideological). Althussers example is the hail from a police officer: Hey, you there!' (Lenin 118): Assuming that the theoretical scene I have imagined takes place in the street, the hailed individual will turn round. By this mere one-hundred-and-eighty-degree physical conversion, he becomes a subject (Lenin 118). The very fact that we do not recognize this interaction as ideological speaks to the power of ideology: what thus seems to take place outside ideology (to be precise, in the street), in reality takes place in ideology [.] That is why those who are in ideology believe themselves by definition outside ideology: one of the effects of ideology is the practical denegation of the ideological character of ideology by ideology: ideology never says, I am ideological. (Lenin 118) individuals are always-already subjects (Lenin 119). Although he presents his example of interpellation in a temporal form (I am interpellated and thus I become a subject, I enter ideology), Althusser makes it clear that the becoming-subject happens even before we are born. This proposition might seem paradoxical (Lenin 119), Althusser admits; nevertheless, That an individual is always-already a subject, even before he is born, is [] the plain reality, accessible to everyone and not a paradox at all (Lenin 119). Even before the child is born, it is certain in advance that it will bear its Fathers Name, and will therefore have an identity and be irreplaceable. Before its birth, the child is therefore always-already a subject, appointed as a subject in and by the specific familial ideological configuration in which it is expected once it has been conceived (Lenin119). Althusser thus once again invokes Lacans ideas, in this case Lacans understanding of the Name-of-the-Father. Most subjects accept their ideological self-constitution as reality or nature and thus rarely run afoul of the repressive State apparatus, which is designed to punish anyone who rejects the dominant ideology. Hegemony is thus reliant less on such repressive State apparatuses as the police than it is on those Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs) by which ideology is inculcated in all subjects. (See the next module for an explanation of ISAs.) As Althusser puts it, the individual is interpellated as a (free) subject in order that he shall submit freely to the commandments of the Subject, i.e. in order that he shall (freely) accept his subjection, i.e. in order that he shall make the gestures and actions of his subjection all by himself' (Lenin 123). Louis Althussers ISA Althusser proposed a materialistic conception of ideology, which made use of a special type of discourse: the lacunar discourse. A number of propositions, which are never untrue, suggest a number of other propositions, which are true. In this way, the essence of the lacunar discourse is what is not told (but is suggested). For Althusser, beliefs and ideas are the products of social practices, not the reverse. What is ultimately important for Althusser are not the subjective beliefs held in the minds of human individuals, but rather the material institutions, rituals and discourses that produce these beliefs. Althusser identified the Ideological State Apparatus (ISA) as the method by which organizations propagate ideology primarily. Violence or threat of violence is secondary. ISAs for Althusser were religious, educational, family, cultural institutions. This is in contrast to the Repressive State Apparatus (RSA), by which compliance can be forced and includes the army, police, government, prisons. Force or threat of force is primary, while ideology is secondary. For example, arrest imprisonment, corporal punishment, etc. 2.4 Discourse as Social Practice Social relations of power and domination are sustained through ideology. To Fairclough, ideologies construct realities which give meaning to discursive practices. Through power relations implicit in orders of discourse, discourse becomes invested ideologically. Hence the discursive practices, loaded with ideologies not only produce, but also reproduce or transform social identities, social relations and systems of knowledge and belief. 2.4.1 Fairclough and Ideology: There are two ways of exercising power: through coercion and through consent. According to Fairclough, Ideology is the key mechanism of rule by consent, and discourse is a favored vehicle of ideology. It functions to establish, sustain or change domination or power relations in the society. For Fairclough, ideologies are constructions of reality which are built into various dimensions of the forms and meanings of discursive practices. Through power relations implicit in orders of discourse, discourse becomes invested ideologically. Through being ideologically invested, discourse is a mode of producing, reproducing or transforming social identities, social relations, and systems of knowledge and belief. Fairclough (1992) makes three claims about ideology, based in part on the French Marxist philosopher, Althusser: Ideology has a material basis in the social practices of institutions. As a form of social practice, discourse practices are material forms of ideology. Ideology interpellates subjects. It works by constituting people as subjects within the framework of ideology. Patriarchal ideology interpellates individuals as more powerful men or less powerful women. Racist ideology interpellates groups as ourselves and the Other (see Hall 1997 The Spectacle of the Other). Ideology operates through powerful ideological state apparatuses. Althusser contrasts what he terms the repressive agencies of the police, the military, prisons and the courts, with the ideological state apparatuses of the mass media, education and popular culture. In Faircloughs theory, all of these give rise to institutional and societal orders of discourse (the societal order of discourse is a condensation of the institutional orders of discourse). 2.4.2 Fairclough and Discourse Discourse involves two kinds of social conditions: social conditions of production and social conditions of interpretation. These social conditions are naturalized through the ideological functioning of the practices of dominant class. Fairclough describes underlying conventions of discourse which in fact determines discourse in terms of what Foucault refers to as orders of discourse. To Fairclough, these orders of discourse embody particular ideologies. Fairclough refers to the three dimensions of discourse. They are discursive practice (discourse practice), social practice (socio-cultural practice), and text. Social practice includes discourse which not only reflects reality, but also effect social structures which play active role in social change. Different subject positions determine different discoursal rights and obligations of individuals. Discourse practice refers to the production and reception of messages. Participants indulged in discourse construct their social identities and relations by knowing how to act in certain situations. For this participants draw on what Fairclough refers to as members resources (MR). This include internalized knowledge of social structure and social practices; knowledge about production and interpretation of discourse types; and detailed knowledge of particular linguistics and textual structuring devices. Text is the record of a communicative event. It can be written, spoken or visual. While analyzing text in terms of ideologies embedded in it, two things are very important: firstly, representation of ideological facts and beliefs and construction of participant identities (writer and reader), and secondly, textual function which frames the message. 3.How Ideologies are Embedded in Language Language produces, maintains and changes social relations of power. It also contributes to the domination of some people by others. Power is exercised through language in conversations and other forms of text or talk. When people interact linguistically, the conventional talk embodies common sense assumptions where power structures are treated as legitimized. According to Fairclough, these assumptions are ideologies which are closely linked to power and language. Power relations determine the conventional ideological assumptions, which in turn legitimize existing social relations and unequal power. Language, a social behavior, relies on common sense assumptions. The exercise of power in modern society is increasingly achieved through ideology, and more particularly through the ideological working of the language. (Fairclough, 1989) Further he says, Ideology is the prime means of manufacturing consent. 3.1 Memory Resources Ideological assumptions are mere common sense assumptions, and contribute to sustain existing power relations. To Fairclough, these common sense assumptions are memory resources (MR). when sender encodes a message, the receiver not only decodes it, but also interpret it by comparing and contrasting features of utterances with representations stored in long term memory. Fairclough refers to these prototypes as member resources: grammatical forms, structures, shapes of words, sequence of events, systems of meaning, sounds, etc. Interaction between interpreted utterance and MR results in comprehension. According to Fairclough, understanding how language, power, and ideology are interrelated requires attention to the processes of production and comprehension because MR/ representations/ prototypes are socially determined and ideologically shaped. They are so automatic, natural, legitimate and common sense assumptions that they remain in disguise. The sociologist Harold Garfinkel, describes the familiar common sense world of everyday life as a world which is built entirely upon assumptions and expectations which control both the action of members of society and their interpretation of the action of others. Such assumptions and expectations are implicit, back grounded, taken for granted, not things that people are consciously aware of and rarely explicit. Effectiveness of ideology depends to a considerable degree on it being merged with this common sense background to discourse and other forms of social action. 3.2 Language Ideologies in Text Language ideologies are not just ways of explaining language and language use for economic reasons, but are the language ideas of the dominant groups in society. They may equally be inter-changed with discourses about language. Ideologies are not untrue indeed, like stereotypes, there may be a degree of truth in them. Ideology is to study its effects on discourse forms and meanings and how discursive structures may in turn contribute to the formation and transformation of ideologies. However, ideologies are also at play when language users engage in the ongoing construction of context as subjective, as well as group sensitive, interpretations of social situations. While talking about ideologies embedded in text, we can say that this genre of discourse is a level of language use which is super-ordinate to sentences and texts. Text is not something having a beginning and an end. It involves exchange of meanings. Text are created by speakers and writers who share societys beliefs concerning what is right and what is wrong or about the way things should be for the best in society. When they want to maintain their belief systems or ideologies, they take the help of language. These ideologies remain implicit in the text as they seem natural or common sense. The ideologically loaded language of the text grants it the ideological power. Such langue has judgmental value and meaning as well. Many ideologically loaded words have their judgemental value because their meaning is rational. They exist as binary pairs: master/mistress, housewife/working mother, middle class/working class, freedom fighter/terrorist, hero/coward, etc. Some linguists maintain th at all language all meaning is an ideological construct. Following are few texts which are all related to social problems for one and social beliefs for the other. In other words, they contain social ideologies which are neutralized in the society. CONCLUSION Long-range social changes are driven by changes in ideology. But at a local level, change in actual discourse practices can be cumulative in effect. Both discourse and ideology are based on the relationship between power and knowledge. We tend to think of knowledge as empowering ourselves (Sarup, 1993). Besides this, knowledge is the ability to exercise power over others. So, power is both positive (productive in creating identities), and negative (destroy identities). In productive power, one is not reduced to one dimension as in ideologies and power is not held by one person or group for good. Rather, it exists as a circuit, something which is exercised by everyone in different situations. As where there is power there is always resistance, power can be challenged. We might not say certain things in certain situations, but by breaking the rules, we can re-define the limits of discourse. Hence, redefining the limits of discourse is something productive about power.

Humerous Themes In Othello :: essays research papers

When the well-known English dramatist William Shakespeare began writing Othello, he had already been educated in the classics and in literature. Although his contemporary Ben Jonson said that Shakespeare knew "little Latin and less Greek," scholars know that Shakespeare knew, at least, about Greek ideas about comedy and tragedy. He was not incredibly educated, but he was aware that his play would comment on ideas about comedy. By looking at a few crucial scenes in the play, this paper will demonstrate that, although most people consider Shakespeare’s Othello a tragedy, it is actually a black comedy. In Act V, Scene I (17-30) lines Iago comments comically on the murder scene he has set up himself. This is the scene: Iago. O murderous slave! O villain! [Stabs RODERIGO] Rod. O damn’d Iago! O inhuman dog! Iago. Kill men i’ the dark! Where be these bloody thieves? How silent is this town! Ho! murder! murder! What may you be? are you of good or evil? Lod. As you shall prove us, praise us. Iago. Signior Lodovico? Lod. He, sir. Iago. I cry you mercy. Here’s Cassio hurt by villains. Gra. Cassio! Iago. How is it, brother? Cas. My leg is cut in two. Iago. Marry, heaven forbid, Light, gentlemen; I’ll bind it with my shirt. Iago has the audience and everyone other than Roderigo believe that he is looking for thieves. If you think about it, that is a funny statement. He has committed a murder, but he pretends that he has not. Further, he pretends that he is looking for the killer and is the only one who cares enough to do so, and cannot believe "how silent" the town is. Even his final gesture, of trying to "bind" the wound with his shirt, is a supremely comic one, perhaps for Shakespeare more than Iago. Iago may be able to stem the flow of blood coming from Cassio’s leg. But it would be silly for the audience to believe what Iago implicitly asks them to believe, that anyone or anything can stem the tide of destruction that he has already unleashed on the play’s characters, and by implication, in the play’s plot. Earlier in the play, in Act II, Scene I (lines 87-95), a similar event occurs, when Cassio greets Desdemona and speaks about Othello and Iago: Cas. She that I spake of, our great captain’s captain, Left in the conduct of the bold Iago, Whose footing here anticipates our thoughts A se’nnight’s speed. Great Jove, Othello guard, And swell his sail with thine own powerful breath,

Childhood Memories in Once More to the Lake by E.B. White Essay

Once More to the Lake For many people there is a sweet scent, an inviting image, the familiar sound of laughter that bring them back to a place full of childhood images. In â€Å"Once More to the Lake†, author E.B. White longs to bring his audience back to one of the most memorable places in his childhood, a camp on a lake in Maine, starting in about 1904. He shows the reader how he feels he has replaced his own father and is playing the same role he played nearly forty years earlier. White directs his essay at an anonymous audience. Read by children, it is yet another â€Å"when I was your age† story, but to an adult or parent he is quite successful in provoking old forgotten memories. The author assumes his audience will, at least somewhat, empathize with him. White describes his surroundings so well that one needs no prior knowledge of the lake to feel as though they are truly there. He thoroughly describes the sights, discussing the woods around the cabin, the cool and motionless lake, the cottages sprinkled on the shore, the old farmhouse where the campers gather to dine. White also ...

Was The Grand Prix Beneficial For Melbourne :: essays research papers

Was The Grand Prix Beneficial For Melbourne Issues Part -B- Was the Grand Prix, promoted as "The Great Race" which was held at Albert Park beneficial for Melbourne, or was it just a huge waste of taxpayers money? The race was televised to 650 million people in 130 different countries is expected to pump $50 million into the Victorian economy every year and boost tourism enormously. I along with the owners of seventy-two percent of hotels, motels, restaurants and other entertainment complexes agree that Albert Park having the Grand Prix will have a positive impact on business. Infact it pumped $10 - $15 million into local business. This will mean these businesses did put on more part time staff who will be gaining valuable work experience and there will also be a flow on effect to suppliers of these industries. Fifty-nine percent of interstate visitors and forty five percent of overseas visitors would not have come to Adelaide in a two year period because of the Grand Prix if not for the race. By Albert Park getting the Grand Prix created between 1000-1500 new jobs. The Grand Prix will promote Victoria on an international scale with international press, television and media caring out a world wide coverage of this event. This could convince people to come and visit Melbourne and would also be a major tourism boost. Approximately $23.8 million has been spent overhauling the park and upgrading the Lake side track. They built better fences and barricades to help protect spectators in case of a crash, and the track is said to be the safest and finest in the world, creating a benchmark for Albert Park. Temporary seating will cater for 150,000 people, and there was approximately an attendance of 400,000 over the four days. 9,000 part-time jobs and 1,000 full-time jobs were created over the weekend. The "greenies" are still trying to stop the race at Albert Park. First it was "Save The Park" and now it's "Stop The Grand Prix." At first they protested about the cutting down of hundreds of trees to make way for the track. But this has been overcome by the replanting of 5000 new trees which would cover 16 football ovals. This is almost double the amount of trees that were there previously. They don't care about the huge impact that the race had on Melbourne, instead they unsuccessfully protest against it and by doing so it has cost the Victorian taxpayers $1.3 million. But the track has already been built and the first race held, so there is no chance of it being removed and the park could

5 Core Operational Strategies

Unit 3 PowerPoint ProjectIn chapter 6 you learned about the 5 core operational strategies (preventive patrol, routine incident response, emergency response, criminal investigation, problem solving) and 1 ancillary operational strategy (support services) that are employed by law enforcement agencies to fight and reduce crime. This week you are required to create a PowerPoint presentation that meets the following criteria:Summarize the five core operational strategies and the one ancillary operational strategy of law enforcement.Explain how these strategies are used by law enforcement agencies to achieve their crime fighting goals.Your PowerPoint presentation must consist of no fewer than six (6) slides (at least one slide per strategy). The title slide and references slide are not included in this total, and are also required.Please use the PowerPoint Template provided for you as a guide.One reason for this assignment is to help you become familiar with the PowerPoint program itself. If you have never used Microsoft PowerPoint don’t let it worry you.The PowerPoint Resources accessible below, will ease your mind and give you a head start on this project.You will have until the end of Unit 4 to complete your project. Submit your completed PowerPoint project to the dropbox by the end of Unit 4 in the basket titled Unit 3: PowerPoint Project Checklist for Unit 3 Assignment: PowerPoint PresentationCriteria: Ask yourself the following questions.Did you identify and describe the five core operational strategies and the one ancillary operational strategy of law enforcement?Did you explain how law enforcement agencies use these strategies to achieve their crime fighting goals?Is your content complete enough to address the topic and questions?Is there a logical flow to your ideas?Did you present the material in a clear and concise manner to provide easy readability?Did you prepare your project as a PowerPoint document?Did you label your file correctly?Did you check your document for grammar and spelling?Did your meet the presentation’s length requirement (6 slides minimum)?

The Importance of Protecting Rain Forests

Explain the Importance of Maintaining the Biodiversity of Tropical Rain Forests Biodiversity is the variation of plant and animal life in a certain habitat, in other words it is the variation of life forms within a particular ecosystem. All the living species depend on each other and this is where biodiversity comes into play. According to some research 90 percent of all plant and insect and animal species exists in the tropical rain forests. Biodiversity in tropical rain forests is vital since the large amount of species found there are so signi? cant.Biodiversity helps maintain the ecological balance between species in the rain forests. Tropical rain forests such as the Amazon and the Congo Basin, are home to some 500 million people. These people are some of the least privileged groups in our international society. The locals depend on the forests for many important products and environmental services. The native and indigenous peoples rely on the rain forests for their way of life . They do not only meet their economic requirements for food and shelter but also form an integral part of the culture and spiritual traditions.Tropical rain forests have a huge impact on the global climate. They moderate the daily range of air temperatures and maintain the atmospheric humidity levels. Tropical rain forests have been called the lungs of our planet. Forests absorb atmospheric carbon and refresh the oxygen in the air we humans breath daily. The Amazon produces a large 20% of the worlds oxygen. Additionally tropical rain forests provide timber as well as many products from animals such as varieties of meat and hides. Forests are also an important source of new pharmaceuticals used to ? ght cancer, AIDS, and other serious human diseases.Lastly the Rain forests rich and unique biodiversity makes it a popular tourist destination. The tropical rainforest are being destroyed daily and at a fast rate. Different factors contribute to the wreckage of the worlds endangered fore sts. Large mining companies are causing serious environmental damage through releasing toxic waste products into the rain forests and its rivers. These wastes are not only threatening the forests themselves but also the health of the locals living there. Additionally tropical rain forests are disappearing quickly through deforestation. Humans clear the natural forests o make room for farms, to harvest timber, for construction, fuels, and global sales. Deforestation in the Amazon and other rain forests across the world has a devastating effect including the extinction of rare plants and animals, social con? ict and climate change. Lastly large oil companies such as the American company Texaco, now Chevron, are a huge contributor to the destruction of tropical rain forests. The oil extraction process results in the release of toxic byproducts from oil drilling into the local rivers and broken pipelines and leakage are the results of regular oil spills.It is obvious that the great vari ety of forests products is important by economic standard, such as the rubber industry. The Amazon rainforest is one of the most signi? cant producers of natural rubber in the world. Thus making the Amazon rainforest among others a great economic importance. ! Worldwide the destruction of tropical rain forests accounts for more greenhouse gas emission than all the worlds planes, trains, and cars combined. It is crucial for the tropical rain forests to be conserved to stop climate change from getting even worse and to ensure that we can endure the impacts of global warming.Tropical rain forests absorb and stock extensive quantities of carbon, thus helping to regulate temperature and to produce rain. When the forests are destroyed the carbon is released back into the atmosphere. Additionally they ? ght erosion and shield the underground water reserves. Keeping the rain forests standing is a critical factor in ? ghting climate change and modifying to a warmer world. Biodiversity plays an important role in our global eco system and our very existence. It has an immense value that is worth protecting regardless of its value to the human race.The different varieties of species play an important role in the global ecological system. Different forms of live depend on each other for food and sustainability. An example would be snakes eat frogs, frogs eat insects, insects eat plants. This relationship is called the food chain and is extremely vital to stabilize our global eco system. If one species is terminated from the cycle, it will result in the collapse of other living species that depend on one another for their source of food.Conserving biodiversity can also have other bene? ts. Many varieties of biodiversity species have the possibility to become a source of new pharmaceuticals or to provide protection against diseases. Biodiversity and a healthy natural eco-system are crucial for long term sustainability and for the reduction of the effects of climate change. E ssay word count: 793 Works Cited 1900s, By The. â€Å"Rainforests – Explore the Rainforests of the World. † The Nature Conservancy Protecting Nature, Preserving Life. Web. 04 Nov. 2010.

The Influence of Public Health and Safety Matters on the Invention of the City

Towns are and were ever associated with trade and power [ R1 ] . Although towns every bit good as worlds have to develop. They were formed and shaped by Numberss of assorted factors. This essay would demo how have public wellness and safety affairs in the yesteryear influenced the innovation of the metropolis? One of the really first and obvious that come to mind are rigorous British fire ordinances, clearly and justly linked by most to the Great Fire of London. In its history London as a metropolis had great sums of fires in its history. One of first terrible recorded fires of London happened in 1135. It put down most of the metropolis between St Paul ‘s and St Clement Danes in Westminster every bit good as celebrated London Bridge. â€Å"Little admiration London suffered from fires: lodging and commercial premises existed together ; a Norman jurisprudence banned house fires after dark, but was likely ignored ; edifices were mostly made of wood and thatch ; and no organized fire brigade existed.† ( The 12th of July 1212 AD, Great Fire of London 1212, n.d. ) . It took good over 70 old ages and another immense fire, on 12th July 1212. This fire and figure of 3000 deceases, still appears in the Guinness Book of Records, even though possibly overdone. Those fires caused people to see about edifice regulations. In consequence ‘legislations’ every bit good as methods to stay them were introduced. Crude and really first signifier of fire protection was something every bit simple as censoring thatched roofs in full London. By its first city manager Henry Fitzailwin. He besides signed a papers stating: â€Å"Complaints about edifice nuisances could be brought by one neighbor against another. The city manager and aldermen settled such instances in a tribunal called the Assize of Nuisance† . Opinions were advised by appointed Masons and carpenters. ( History of Building Regulations in the British Isles, 2014 ) Other British metropoliss started follow London’s lead. The existent turning point in constructing history was fire of 1666. [ R2 ] F anger known as the Great Fire of London started in the bakeshop on Pudding Lane and really shortly started distributing west making beyond Roman metropolis walls. On 4th September wind way changed, it headed and about reached the Tower of London. During the firefighting procedure â€Å"King Charles II personally helped contend the fire. He lifted pails of H2O and threw money to honor people who stayed to contend the flames.† ( Museum of London – Frequently asked inquiries, n.d. ) Quenching the fire is considered to hold been successful due two factors: the strong east air currents died down, and the Tower of London fort used gunpowder to make fireguards, and halt further spread eastward. ( Great Fire of London – Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia, n.d. ) . It’s believed that as a effect of this fire 80 % of capital was burned to the land. Inevitably catastrophe of this graduated table couldn’t go on once more. Therefore London Rebuilding Act of 1667 was introduced. [ R3 ] This papers created foundations of city/master planning every bit good as some other countries of modern edifice ordinances. Was the really first to stipulate how metropolis planning was to be regulated ( i.e. Certain streets need to be broad depending on strength and intent of usage ) . It was depicting what affairs and how they should be resolved by Judgess. Besides stipulating thickness and location of walls, including party walls. It introduced the thought of the committee planing cityscape every bit good as committee to O.K. location and form, every bit good as stuffs used in new edifices. All edifices from that point onwards were to be built of brick or rock. It besides regulated minor issues like precipitation direction, maximal overhangs, which antecedently were doing already narrow streets even narrower and tighter. That was debut to the thought of more pleasant metropoliss, even though done for practical grounds. Some more wellness and safety regulations were issued. [ R4 ] Even though this jurisprudence was highly precise for that clip. It was written by local authorities of London and was to be obeyed merely during reconstructing of the metropolis. As consequence of that British Isles were left without public jurisprudence. In 1898 Ebenezer Howard initiated â€Å"The Garden City Movement† . Garden metropoliss were designed and intended to be self-contained, self-sufficing communities. Separated and surrounded by paths of unfastened, green countries. Taking inspiration and seeking to do a Utopian dream of Sir Thomas More come truth. Howard’s idealise garden metropolis was utilizing clear districting system. Keeping residential and industrial development countries separate, allowed â€Å"smokeless† thought of the metropolis to develop. They would be populated by 32000 people on around 6000 estates ( 2400 hour angle ) . Planned in concentric circles, when to the full populated another garden metropolis would develop nearby. Several o f these would be clustered ‘orbiting’ around the cardinal metropolis ( populated by 50000 people ) . [ R5 ] â€Å"The Garden City Association set itself the ambitious undertaking of developing a first garden metropolis. Work on the chosen site at Letchworth began in 1903 and by 1914 it housed 9,000 inhabitants.† ( The birth of town be aftering – UK Parliament, n.d. ) Letchworth was really advanced and successful, it populated 33500 people. It was perchance impractical to utilize homocentric program, although rules were kept. Letchworth introduced traffic circle ( 1909 ) and was really first illustration of ‘green belt’ . This undertaking didn’t require empowering statute laws, although it was inspirational to â€Å"garden suburbs† . These were foremost introduced in Hampstead. Endorsed by Parliament in 1906, in what has been called â€Å" Hampstead Garden Suburb Act [ R6 ] † . This papers legislated that distance between the two houses on opposite sides of the route, were to be non less than 50 pess ( 15.24m ) apart. And that there sho uld be no more than 8 houses per acre ( 4046.9m2) . [ R7 ] ‘Back-to-back’ houses, so popular in industrial Victorian developments. During the industrial revolution â€Å"great inflow of workers and their households into the quickly industrialized towns during the 1800 ‘s, this figure increased massively and the jobs of over-population became disastrous† ( Public Health – History of medical specialty, n.d. ) . This was revealed by the study of Liverpool ‘s first medical officer of wellness ( Dr Duncan ) . It stated that – tierce of the metropolis ‘s population lived on Earth floored basements of dorsum to endorse houses. ( The birth of town be aftering – UK Parliament, n.d. ) Without any airing and sanitation with every bit many as 16 people populating in one room, these were certainly non what those basements were designed for and what they could defy. They were made illegal in 1909 due to Housing and Town Planning Act, as there was concern that it could be the starting motor of the new concatenation reaction consequence of pestilence for illustration similar in consequence to London’s Great Fire. [ R8 ] Letchworth and Hampstead was the chief inspiration for that 1909 Act. It besides took inspiration of garden metropolis motion rules. Not a surprise that the Garden City Association actively lobbied for it. This besides encouraged to utilize ‘Garden City’ rules. Leading the manner to the more gratifying urban environment and more flexibleness in footings of design. This act obligated local governments to utilize town planning, and control edifice criterions. Specified the occupation of local authoritiess on what they can and can’t do. The new jurisprudence formed the usher on how to be after metropoliss and how to construct safely. It besides specified land jurisprudence, how and where working category lodging should be built. Besides, sing wellness and safety of citizens and future occupants, which could be named as a signifier of sustainable design. [ R9 ] As before mentioned planning jurisprudence has been altering and accommodating for past old ages. Even though fire ordinances in the UK are perchance one of the strictest in Europe. As statistics show there is a batch of betterment to be made. World of be aftering needs people like Ebenezer Howard, dreamer and dreamers that design, program and better urban and universe environment – in consequence devising universe more gratifying. In modern metropoliss chief perplexity are sustainability and public wellness. It’s non easy to diminish fleshiness and other so called civilisation diseases. The rate of these could be lowered by extinguishing factors that do or may do it. The chief 1s being: deficiency of physical activity, unnatural/unhealthy diet, polluted air and some more (Diseases of modern civilization — Frank Fenner Foundation, n.d. ) . These may and should be considered at design phase. To better physical activity. It’s necessary to increase the sum of public conveyance used, every bit good as addition sum of resort areas. Enhancing physical activity from early old ages, followed by pathwaies, Parkss or other green countries. Obviously there is really small interior decorator or designer can make about human diet. However, what could be done is to plan green markets into town flower stalk. These would do fresh, of course grown, healthy fruits/vegetables effortlessly accessible. Another in theory unaccessible country for urban contrivers is air pollution, as we can’t actively decrease pollution. Already Ebenezer Howard has suggested to utilize town districting to travel industrial enlargement out on the fringes of towns. In the long term this would diminish the sum of contaminated air in towns, by administering it more equally across unfastened countries, and most likely lower the urban island consequence. All of those illustrations show how past events were set uping town planning. It proves that there is a set of ingredients and stimulations. They all consequence be aftering jurisprudence and planning methods. Urban environment is ever altering and it is difficult to plan it good. This is why there are groups of urban contrivers, designers, interior decorators and others working to better the design of towns. This has been altering for 100s, or even 1000s of old ages, and they would be. Changes are inevitable, what is now countryside in 10 old ages, or even less could be new suburbs. This should excite interior decorators and visionaries to better interior urban flower stalk, decide current and anticipate hereafter issues and turn to them today. BBC – History – British History in deepness: London After the Great Fire( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 26th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/after_fire_01.shtml. ‘Building Regulations – David Watkins.pdf’ ( n.d. ) . Diseases of modern civilization — Frank Fenner Foundation( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 1st January 2015 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.natsoc.org.au/our-projects/biosensitivefutures/part-4-facts-and-principles/human-health-issues/diseases-of-modern-civilisation. English Historical Fiction Writers: Changing the Face of London – the Great Fire of 1666( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 26th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/changing-face-of-london-great-fire-of.html. Great Fire of London – Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 27th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London. Handbook to the Housing and Town Planning Act, †¦( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 27th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //archive.org/stream/handbooktohousin00thom # page/n1/mode/2up. History of Building Regulations in the British Isles( 2014 ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 14th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buildinghistory.org/regulations.shtml. History of Building Regulations in the British Isles( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 26th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buildinghistory.org/regulations.shtml. Housing, town planning, etc. , act, 1909 ; a prac†¦( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 27th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //archive.org/stream/housingtownplann00bent # page/n5/mode/2up. London Fire Brigade – The Great Fire of London( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 26th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.london-fire.gov.uk/great-fire-of-london.asp. Museum of London – Frequently asked inquiries( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 26th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/Londons-Burning/FAQ/ . Museum of London – The 1667 Rebuilding Act( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 27th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/Londons-Burning/Themes/1405/1408/Page1.htm. Public Health – History of medical specialty( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 29th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.priory.com/history_of_medicine/public_health.htm. Samuel Pepys Diary 1666 – Fire of London( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 27th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pepys.info/fire.html. The 12th of July 1212 AD, Great Fire of London 1212( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 27th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.information-britain.co.uk/famdates.php? id=1019. The birth of town be aftering – United kingdom Parliament( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 28th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/towncountry/towns/overview/townplanning/ . The Geneva Association ( 2014 ) ‘World Fire Statistics.’ The Hampstead Garden Suburb Act 1906( n.d. ) . [ Online ] [ Accessed on 28th December 2014 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hgs.org.uk/history/h00012000.html.

Infection Control Essay on Hand Hygiene

IntroductionHealthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) can be extremely detrimental in health and social care settings where patients highly susceptible to disease. These are infections which the patient acquires during or after healthcare has been received which can be dangerous as contracting an infection whilst receiving healthcare from an unrelated problem could have a deteriorating effect on the patient in comparison to a healthy individual’s reaction.Patients in hospital and other healthcare settings have increased vulnerability so consequently are easily receptive to pathogens due to examples such as reduced immunity or open wounds. Therefore the appropriate precautions and procedures must be set in place to ensure cross-infection cannot occur. It is crucial for health professionals to understand how infection spread so that they can consider and act upon the significant implications which are risked when improper measures are not followed hence why the knowledge of the c hain of infection should be learnt.Infection control is high on the agenda for healthcare providers because of its significance as it safeguards staff, patients and the public, promotes safe environments and practice but also indicates the quality of healthcare given. It is imperative to focus on legislation which applies to the National Heath Service like the NHS Constitution and the Nursing and Midwifery Council code of conduct. Communication, competence and care of the six C’s can all be factored into how infection control is dealt with in the NHS.One of the most common practices to lessen the risk of cross-infection is hand hygiene which has reduced overall infection rates in hospitals. (Bennett, Jarvis and Brachman 2007) Identify your new learning, giving rationale for your choice of this topic The chain of infection should be learnt in order to apply the appropriate infection prevention methods at each point. The process simplifies how microorganisims spread and infecti on occurs. Microorganisims are named the â€Å"infectious agent† as they are able to produce infection in the body, they are always present but may be concentrated in some areas which are called â€Å"reservoirs†.Reservoirs for possible infectious agents can be environments or people which can be transferred from one area to the next. The transmission of microorganisims from a person through exhaling or other bodily functions is labelled the â€Å"portal of exit†; the microorganisims are then able to be transmitted into a patient via contact, air, blood, meals or liquids. The â€Å"portal of entry† describes the susceptible area to which microorganisims can be introduced into the patient, such as by mouth, urinary tract or an aperture in the skin. (Brooker and Nicol, 2011)Between  the portal of exit and the portal of entry there is potential for cross-contamination and this is where the need for hand hygiene arises.  ­Ã‚ ­ Adequate hand hygiene by nur ses lessen this risk of healthcare acquired infections as evidence shows that developing and bettering the technique that healthcare workers use to clean their hands contributes to the reduction of HCAIs that occur (Pratt et al, 2007). Damani (1997) suggested that the most prevalent cause of cross-infection was transmission pathogens from one patient to another by pathogens occupying the hands of healthcare workers.Contaminated hands easily transmit these microorganisms but so by cleaning hands appropriately hospitals can prevent (to an extent) harm to patients which is a fundamental concept in healthcare. (Pittel et al, 2000) This raises the importance for nurses to learn a technique which will clean the hands physically and of invisible microorganisims as nurse’s interactions towards patients account for roughly 80 percent of direct care patients receive.  (Storr and Clayton-kent, 2004)There are many documents on the different techniques of hand washing and when to do suc h techniques like the World Health Organisation’s five moments for hand hygiene (2006). WHO recommends that hands should be washed before coming into contact with the patient and before aseptic tasks to protect the patient against germs occupying the healthcare worker’s hands as well as immediately after an exposure risk to body fluids, after contact with the patient and their surroundings to protect yourself from pathogens exposed whilst carrying out these tasks.This applies to the NMC’s code of professional conduct (2004) which states that a nurse must â€Å"act to identify and minimise risk to patients and clients†. This values the results of hand hygiene by identifying when to clean hands from the WHO’s five moments of hand hygiene and to use the endorsed hand hygiene technique of the trust to minimise risk to the patient. The hand washing procedure originally outlined by Ayliffe et al (1978) has been adapted by many organisations to provide va rious routines.Hands were wet by a running tap and antiseptic detergents or liquid soap (5ml was poured onto the hands, the technique consisted of five backwards and forwards strokes in the motion of; palm to palm, each palm over the other hand’s back, interlocking palm to palm, each palm over the other hand’s back interlocked and then the rotational scrubbing of the fingers into each palm finalised by the rubbing of the wrists during a 30-second time span. Then the hands were rinsed with water for 15-seconds and dried with two paper towels for 15-seconds.  (Ayliffe et all, 1978)Whilst this technique has strict timescales the WHO elects the timescale of roughly the time taken to sing â€Å"Happy Birthday† twice. This raises concerns over the approximates as this will differ from person to person. The procedure itself remains nearly exact except from the addition of turning the tap off with a towel to avoid recontamination and the exact timings are lost. This t echnique only stated to use running water, however no temperature was specified.Hand Washing for Life (200-) advises that water should not be above 110?F as this temperature would cause hands become damaged by loosing delicate tissues on the skin. This can cause bacteria to become trapped and more difficult to remove, as well as cause pain to the worker. It is a legal requirement for health professions to take the necessary measures to ensure that they protect themselves, which includes their hands and others around them by taking care of their hands.(Health and Safety at Work Act 1974) Dougherty and Lister (2010) give a comprehensive guide to effective hand washing, stating the minimum time to rub lathered hand together is 10-15 seconds. The guide recommended that attention should be given to areas which are missed most frequently like between fingers, tips of fingers and thumbs. Single use towels to dry hands were used in all techniques. Damani (2011) suggests that paper towels sh ould be used and also used to turn off taps if hands-free control is not available.An experiment carried out by Redway and Fawdar of the University of Westminster backed up Damani (2011) suggestion as drying hands with a paper towel decreased the amount of bacteria compared to jet-air dryers and warm-air dryers which caused an increase. Given that the WHO technique has been used throughout the NHS by National Patient Safety Agency for hand cleaning techniques this would be a reliable technique to follow whilst also taking into consideration the detail given by Dougherty and Lister.How has this learning made a difference to you Being aware of how many infectious opportunistic pathogens can be exposed to patients, which may lay dormant on healthcare workers hands, gives healthcare workers a better understanding of how to assess the risks of when passing infection can occur by referring to the chain of infection. The chain of infection makes nurses more aware of patients as susceptible hosts.It is everyone’s responsibility to take appropriate considerations to the prevention and control of infection; this would include all healthcare professionals, the patients themselves and the visitors. (Randle, Coffey and Bradbury. 2009) The Francis report states that visitors and staff should adhere to hygiene requirements as well as reminding anyone who is seen to not adhere to these requirements so that the high standard of hygiene is achieved and promoted.  (2013)The knowledge when to wash by the WHO’s five moments enables nurses to make knowing when to wash their hands second nature. It also makes the nurse more aware of how serious it is to have clean hands as â€Å"clean hands save lives† as said by the National Patient Safety Alert from 2008 which states that the individual risks to patients are dramatically reduced if healthcare workers washed or disinfected their patients every time they needed to perform patient contact.The six C’s dev ised by Cummins and Bennett in 2012 state that one of a nurse’s prime responsibilities is to care, this means giving the care of controlling infection as it is extremely important to keep clear of potentially avoidable HCAIs which can have a significant impact to the patient’s physical and psychological state. This could worsen their condition, increase length of stay, increase pain and suffering and increase worry and stress. This all causes a massive impact on the economy as HCAIs cost the NHS over the estimated ?1 billion.  (NAO, 2009)The knowledge of appropriate hand hygiene also shows competence, another of the six C’s, as nurses can use what they have learnt confidently to ensure they have controlled spreading infection. Hand hygiene is also a commitment, as a nurse may wash their hands but a commitment must be made to wash them to the standard that is appropriate. Communication is also vital in infection control as infection control is everyone’s responsibility.(Randle, Coffey and Bradbury, 2009) In all aspects of infection control communication must be at the heart of the process so that the right precautions are taken. Staff and researchers must communicate with each other in order to maintain the same level of knowledge on hand hygiene so that the most up to date method is used. It is important for staff to communicate with patients to teach and improve their own hygiene to ensure the safety of themselves and others around them.It is also key for staff to communicate to patient relatives in  order for them to carry out routine hygiene which imperative for hospital or other healthcare settings infection control. Information given would be useful for the public to know to reduce general sickness therefore reducing burden on local NHS services. The actual technique should be addressed to all everyone as if it is not done adequately harmful microbes would still be on the hands and therefore infection can still occur. How w ill this learning influence you clinical practiceApplying the knowledge of hand hygiene learnt to clinical practice would mean to risk assess the situation at hand in environment by asking the assessment questions as described by Randle, Coffey and Bradbury (2009), then use the five moments given by WHO (2006) to demonstrate competence in when to wash or disinfect hands. Nurses will be influenced by which situation they are placed in, for example when moving from one patient to another hands must be washed by water and liquid soap method (WHO, 2006).The six C’s would also influence a nurse in hand hygiene as a nurse would think about caring for the patient, giving a commitment to safe care as well as being competent in this task. Electing the most effective hand washing technique must be done to successfully remove pathogens so that not to transmitted from one patient to another or one area to another. The techniques discussed vaguely circle around the same routine with diffe rences in times, in clinical practice these would all influence the nurse whilst performing hand hygiene but the standard practice would be used as it is the technique enforced by the NPSA adapted from the WHO.The most recently updated hand hygiene method by the NPSA includes the use of alcohol gels, these should not be used as a constant alternative as they would lead to build up and therefore not effective for removing harmful microbes and are not suitable in some cases as they would not remove dirt or organic materials, cause a risk of ignition when handling medical gas cylinders and would not be effective against Clostridium difficile and Norovirus. (Brekle and Macqueen 2012) Therefore this would influence workers in clinical practice as alcohol gels should only be used out of these circumstances.Describe how you will continue to develop this learning after this module The research into all hand hygiene methods should be regularly looked over as there will always be improvements to how the NHS handles infection control. One example of this would be the use of non-touch taps, a favourable option by many healthcare providers, but although creating minimal contact with a potentially easily contaminated area to control the outbreak of MRSA it has also led to the potential link between infrared taps and the outbreak of pseudomonas bacteria due to increased surface area in the plumbing of these taps.(Department of Health, 2012) This example demonstrates that there will always be constant reviews into infection control so it is important to keep up to date on the latest information on practice available and to comply with the NMC code of conduct. A nurse must take part in additional learning or training to develop competence in hand hygiene practice and to constantly review themselves on their development in order to assess what they could do to improve.Randle, Coffey and Bradbury (2009) suggest that on going training will always be required in this area of pract ice. How does this personal and professional development relate to the NMC Code Developing and understanding the appropriate hand hygiene procedures for personal and profession practice is important to comprehend so that the nurse can continue to care of the patient their first concern. Caring for a patient means to not worsen their health by transmitting infection which could be preventable as by washing hands.It is immensely important for nurses to act within their competencies which includes being able to competently hand wash appropriately to control infection as it is vital in performing any act of physical care to patient. (Dougherty and Lister 2011). Another section of the NMC code specifies that a nurse should administer care â€Å"based on the best available evidence or best practice†. All nurses must strive and aspire to remain on top of the developing and constantly modifying information and research on infection control.This also relates significantly to the NMC c ode which represents that all nurses must maintain and improve their knowledge and skills based on the most up to date information throughout their working lives. Providing high quality infection control at all times applies to the NMC code because it means that the nurse is complying with providing the high standard of practice and care at all times. How does your topic relate to the NHS Constitution The NHS constitution states the rights and commitments to patients, the public and the staff.  (Department of Health, 2013)The topic of hand washing relates to this document because the NHS constitution is the integral laws to which the NHS strives to stand by and infection control is high on constantly on the agenda for the NHS to improve upon. The constitution expresses that the NHS aims to provide the â€Å"highest standards of excellence and professionalism† and providing a high calibre of care which is â€Å"safe, effective and focused on the patient†. The terms sa fe and effective relate to hand hygiene as nurses must follow hand hygiene procedures so that the care given is is not hindered by the possibility of passing infection.The constitution also gives the values of the NHS, which includes the value to improve lives. The NHS commits to improve lives and not to decrease the health of the patient due to HCAIs and so it is paramount that infection control procedures are followed to lessen the risk of infections occurring whilst receiving healthcare. Patient rights are issued in the document, one particular is the right for the patient to be treated with a professional standard of care which has been administered by qualified professionals.Service users of the NHS have the right to expect the quality of healthcare to be monitored and improved continuously, which includes safety, so hand hygiene of workers should be continuously reviewed to make sure it is up to the standard that will ensure safety. The NHS Constitution commits to establish a safe and hygienic setting which is fit for purpose which directly involves the matter of hand hygiene because of importance of it in infection control which promotes a safe and clean environment. (Department of Health, 2013)ConclusionIt is clear that transmitting infectious diseases can reduced if staff, patients and visitors washed their hands before and after tasks, a routine hand hygiene technique cannot be stressed enough as it is paramount for all staff to adhere to so that the spread of infection at bay. It is now valued that hand washing is not only important when hands are visible contaminated but is also vital that they are washed when it is not visible that they are contaminated due to the microscopic pathogens hidden on the skin.This knowledge is essential to be passed on to all those who flow through a healthcare setting so that education can be continued on infection control. With this given, it is key that communication skills are overly efficient at voicing and helpin g in infection control with caring for the patients at the heart the education. With continued education and observations in this area more people would be able to show acceptable hand washing and therefore reduce the risk of infection. Hand hygiene techniques influence all nurses because of the strong link to many of the six C’s and the vast importance to the health of all patients.